The+West+Between+Wars



** "Democracy is beautiful in theory; in practice it is a fallacy." -Benito Mussolini ** **1919-1939 ** **Dylan, Elsa and Katie ** **After World War 1, many Germans had vowed to revise the terms that were stated in the Treaty of Versailles. President Woodrow Wilson realized that the settlement had unwise provisions that could serve as new causes for a conflict. The United States could not be a member of the League of Nations, however. During the years of 1919 and 1924, France wanted strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles. This policy toward Germany began with the issues of reparations. Reparations are payments to make up for war damage. Germany owed around 12 billion German marks. Germany finally made its first payment in 1921. Only a year later, Germany then said they were unable to pay the rest of their reparations. Because of this, France became outraged and sent many troops to occupy the Ruhr Valley. The Ruhr Valley is Germanies chief industrial and mining center. France planned to collect reparations by operating and using the Ruhr mines and factories.**

**Later on, a cooperation was fostered by the foreign ministers of Germany and France, who were Gustav Stresemann and Aristide Briand. In the year of 1952, they signed the Treaty of Locarno. This treaty guaranteed Germanys new western borders with France and Belgium. The headlines in the New York Times after the pact was made read 'France and germany Ban War Forever.' The London Times read 'Peace at Last.' Germany soon joined the League of Nations in March of 1926. This made the cooperation grow even stronger. This accord was rotten by U.S. secretary Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand. Sixty-three nations signed this. The nations pledged to 'to renounce war as an instrument of national policy.' However, nothing was said as to what would happen if anyone violated the pact.**

**Later on, a period known as the Depression began. A depression is a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment. There were two major factors that led to the start of the Great Depression in Europe of 1924. One factor was a series of downturns in the economies of individual nations in the second half of the 1920s. The second factor was an international financial crisis involving the U.S. stock market. Much of European prosperity between 1924 and 1929 was built on U.S. bank loans to Germany. In a frenzy, the U.S. investors withdrew even more funds from Germany. This weakened the banks of Germany and other European states. However, economic depressions was not new to Europe. One affect on the economic crisis was increased government activity in the economy. The next affect was renewed interest in Marxist Doctrines. And finally, the Great Depression led masses of people to follow political leaders who offered simple solutions in return for dictatorial power.**

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** __2) Franklin Delano Roosevelt:__ Democrat who was able to win the 1932 presidential election by a landslide. He was a believer in free enterprse and realized taht capitalism had to be reformed.** ** __3) Benito Mussolini:__ The founder of the first Fascist movement. "ll Duce" or The Leader was his nickname. He was a unruly and rebelious child who was expelled from school once for stabbing a fellow pupil.** ** __4) Francisco Franco:__ Led the Spanish military forces that revoltd against the democratic government in 1936. His forces captured Madrin in 1939 making the Spanish Civil War come to an end.** ** __5) Adolf Hitler:__ "Der Fuhrer" (The Leader) Hitler was born in Branau Austria April 20, 1889. He joined Anton Drexler (the founder of the NAZI party) in 1920, one year after it began. He founded the Nazi Paramillitary Organization in 1921.** ** __6) Joseph Goebbels:__ He was th Minister of Propaganda. He controled press, radio and all aspects of culture.** ** __7) Heinrich Himmler:__ During the third Reich or Empire, he was appointed Vice-Fuhrer by Hitler. Under his control teh SS came to control not only the secret police forces but also the regular police forces.** ** __8) Salvador Dalf:__ Spanish man that was the high priest of surrealism. He painted everyday objects but separated them from their normal context. By doing this he created a strange world in which the irrational became visible.** ** __9) James Joyce:__ Published the novel Ulysses in 1922. This novel tells the story of one day in the life of ordianry people in Dublin by folloeing the flow of their inner thoughts.** ** __10) Hermann Hesse:__ German writer who dealt with the unconscious in a quite different fashion. His novels reflext the influence of both Freud's psychology and Asian religions.**
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Ten Key People__ **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> __1) John Maynard Keynes:__ He was a British economist in 1936 who condemned the old theory that in a free exonomy depressions whould b left to resolvethemselves without governemental interference. **



__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Ten Key Terms** __ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">** __1) Ruhr Valley-__ Germanies chief industrial and mining center. France planned to collect reparations by operationg and using the Ruhr mines and factories.** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">** __2) Dawes Plan-__ Named after an American banker who chaired the commissioner, first reduced reparations** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__3) Kellog-Briand Pact-__ Nations that signed this were pledged to renounce war as an instrument of national policy**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__4) Depression-__ A period of law economic activity and rising unemployment**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">** __5) Collective Bargaining-__ The right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">** __6) Fascism-__ A political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government lead by a** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**dictator ruler.** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">** __7) OVRA-__ In 1926, the Facists outlawed all other political parties in Italy and established this secret police.** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__8) Purges-__ Stalins desire to make all decisions by himself led to this, als known as removals** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__9) Mein Kampf-__ Written by Hitler. 'My Struggle.' An account of Hitlers movements and basic ideas** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__10) Enabling Act-__ This law gave the government the power to ignore the constitution for four years while it issued laws to deal with the countries problems.**

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<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__**Links**__ <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**2)[|Mein Kampf]-This link will bring you to a page the further discusses Mein Kamf, or My struggle. The book was written by Adolf Hitler while he sat in a jail cell and discusses many anti Jewish things.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**3)[|OVRA]-This link goes to a page that talks about OVRA. The page talks about the early activities, its legacy, and the affects during World War II** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**4)[|Francisco Franco]-This link leads to a site discussing Francisco Franco. The information ranges from his early life, to the Spanish Civil War, to Spain under his control.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**8)[|John Maynard Keynes]-This link goes to a page talking about John Maynard Keynes. Keynes' career, legacy, and personal life are all discussed on the page.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**9)[|Enabling Act]-This page talks about the Enabling Act of 1933. Information on the Act's background is greatly described on the page.**
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">1) <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Hitler Youth] <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">-This link leads to a page that describes Hitler Youth in great detail. Doctrine, the organization, and post World War II topics are all discussed **
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">5) <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Fascism] <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">-This website talks about the political p **<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**hilosophy of Fascism. The page describes the etymology, history, and even economic policies that come with the political philosophy.**
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">6) <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|The Ruhr Valley] <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">-This site talks about the Ruhr Valley, an urban area located in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The site talks about the area's history, geography, and transportation benefits. **
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">7)[|Hermann Hesse]-This link leads to a site talking about the German writer, Hermann Hesse. Topics such as his family background, education, and influence are all discussed on the site. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">10) <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Dawes Plan] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-This page talks about the attempt to solve reparation, known as the Dawes Plan. The website gives the results and even links outside of the site to learn more on the topic.  **