European+Nationalism



Dylan, Elsa, and Katie 1800-1879

**"A government must not waiver once it has chosen it's course. It must not look to the left or right but go forward."- Otto von Bismarck **  **European rulers moved to restore old order after the defeat of Napoleon. The great powers, which consisted of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, met at the Congress of Vienna in September of 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement. Prince Klemens von Metternich was in charge of the congress. Metternich said that he was guided at Vienna by the princple of legitimacy. The principle of legitimacy meant that lawful monarchs from the royal families that had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to their positions of power in order to keep peace and stability in Europe. The great powers rearranged territories in Europe to form a new balance of power. They wanted to keep any one country from dominating Europe. To do this meant that they had to balance political and military forces to guaruntee the independence of the great powers. To maintain this new balance of power, the countries agreed to meet at times in confrences to take stepts that would maintain peace in Europe. These meetings came to be called the Concert of Europe .**

**Later on, powerful forces were changing into liberalism and nationalism. Liberalism is a political philosophy based largely on Enlightenment principles. Liberalism held that people should be as free as possible from government restraint. Liberals believed that freedoms should be garunteed by a written document, similar to the American Bill of Rights. They also wanted religious toleration as well as separation of the church and the state. Many liberals during this time also favored government ruled by a constitution such as in a constitutional monarchy, in which a king is regulated by a constitution. However, they did not believe in a democracy in which everyone had a right to vote. Nationalism arose out of peoples awareness of being part of a community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs. It did not became a popular force untill around the time of the French Revolution. They then thought that each nationality should have its own government. Then nationalism became a threat to the existing political order. Both liberalism and nationalism were major forces of change during this time. ** **By the year of 1871 both Germany and Italy would be unified. Italian people began to look to the Italian state of Piedmont for leadership in achieving the unification of Italy. The ruler of the kingdom was King Victor Emmanuel II. He then named Camillo di Cavour his prime minister. Cavour was a political leader and pursued a policy of economic and expansion that increased government revenues and enabled the kingdom to equip a large army. Later on, Giuseppe Garibaldi raised an army called the Red Shirts. The Italian army annexed Rome on September 20, 1870 and Rome became the capital of the united Italian state. On the other hand, German leaders looked to Prussia for leadership in the cause of German unification. Prussia was known for its militarism, or reliance on military strength. was William I prime minister. William I of Prussia was proclaimed kaiser, or emperor, of the Second German Empire. German unity had been achieved by the Prussian monarchy and the Prussian army. The values of Prussia were carried into the new German state and made it the strongest power on the European continent. **



 **__Ten Key Vocab Words__ **
 * 1) __Principle of Legitimacy- __ Lawful monarchs from the royal families that had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to their positions of power in order to keep peace and stability within Europe **
 * 2) __Balance of Power- __The powers at Vienna wanted to keep any one country from dominating Europe. This mean that they needed to balance political and military forces. **
 * 3) __Conservatism-__ Based on tradition and social stability. Metternich believed in this political philosophy **
 * 4) __Principle of Intervention- __ The great powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitiamte monarchs to their thrones. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">5) __<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Liberalism- __ A political philosophy based largely on Enlightenment principles, held that people should be as free as possible from government restraint. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">6) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Universal Male Suffrage-__ All adult men could vote. The provisional government called for the election of representatives that would draw up a new constitution. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">7)<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;"> __Frankfurt Assembly-__ An all German parliament that was held to fullfill a liberal and nationalist dream-the preparation of a new constitution for a new Germany. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">8) __<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Red Shirts- __ An army of 1000 volunteers and wore red uniforms. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">9) __<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Militarism- __ The reliance on military strength. Prussia was know for their militarism. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">10) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Realpolitik-__ Bismarck was the practitioner of this. "The politics of reality" or politics based on practical matters rather than theory. **

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1.[|Redshirts]-This webpage describes redshirts, their prime, and the influence they had on Europe.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**2.[|Realpolitik]-This page talks about Realpolitik's origin, how it relates to Nationalism, and it being spread in Europe.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**3.[|Kaiser]-This page is about the Kaiser and how they influenced areas that they controlled, the meaning of the word, and power.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**4.[|William I]-This website talks about William the I and how he was an emperor. It includes his early life, being King, and memorials on him.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**5.[|Balance of Power]-This page describes Balance of Power and gives a few examples.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**6.[|Principles of Intervention]-This page talks about the principles of intervention and lists the basics on it.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**7.[|Concert of Europe]-This website describes the Concert of Europe and it's origin, results, and demise.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**8.[|Prince Metternich]-This page gives a short summary on Prince Metternich's life and his influence in the Congress of Vienna** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**9.[|Congress of Vienna]-This web page talks about the Congress of Vienna and all of the things they contributed.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**10.[|Principal of Legitimacy]-This page explains the Principal of Legitimacy. It contains types, forms, and sources of legitimacy.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;"> <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Links__ **

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<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">** __Ten Key People__ **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__1) Prince Klemens von Metternich- __ He was the president of congress and he was known as the “Coachman of Europe.” He was also one of the Leaders of Congress of Vienna.**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__2) Louis-Napoleon- __ He was elected presidentDecember 10, 1848. He got 97% of the votes. Napoleon was the champion of democracy.**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__3) Charles X- __ Younger brother of Louis XVIII. Last of the Bourbon Kings ofFrance. He tried to restore absolute royal authority.**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__4) Louis XVIII- __ Appointed King by the Congress of Vienna after being exiled for 23 years. He tried to increase king’s power.**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__5) Louis Phillipe- __ “Citizen King” First king to dress like the middle class or the Bourgeoisie’s. Known as the poor king because of having labor unions outlawed.**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__6) Louis Blanc- __ He was the leader of the Socialist Party. He once said “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.”**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__7) Giuseppe Garibaldi- __ HE was a dedicated Italian patriot who raised an army of a thousand volunteers called Red Shirts because of the color of their uniforms.**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__8) Otto von Bismarck- __ He was open about his strong dislike of anyone who opposed him. Argued that “Germany does not look toPrussia’s liberalism but to her power.”**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__9) Czar Alexander II- __ Issued an Emancipation edict which freed the serfs. He also attempted other reforms as well, but he soon found out that he could please no one.**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__10) Carl Schurz- __ After the failure of the German revolution of 1848 he went to theUnited States, he fought in the Civil War and became secretary of the interior.**

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