Crisis+and+Absolutism+in+Europe

**1550-1715 **  **Dylan Putnam, Elsa Bollinger, and Katie Savage ** **//"Is it faith to understand nothing, and merely submit your convictions implicitly to the church?"//-John Calvin **


 * During the sixteenth century, the economic, social, and political forces played an important role in many conflicts. Of the religous wars, the French Wars of Religion which was from 1562-1598 was the greatest war. Hugenots were French portestants influenced by John Calvin . They made up only about seven percent of the total french population, but only 40 to 50 percent of the nobility became Hugenots. For 30 years, battles continued between Catholic and Hugenots. In 1589 Henry of Navarre, the political leader of the Hugenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the thron as Henry IV . He converted to Catholicism . To solve all of these religious problems, the Edict of Nantes in 1598 was issued. The edict recognized Catholicism as the offical religion of France. **


 * Elizabeth Tudor ascended the throne in 1558. During her reign, the small island kingdom became the leader of the protestnat nations of Europe and laid the foundations for a world empire. She tried to keep Spain and France from becoming to powerful by balancing their power. Philip II of Spain had always wanted to invade England. So in 1588, Philip ordered preparations for an armada, a fleet or warships, to invade England. In the end, the fleet sailed back to Spain by a northward route around Scotland and Ireland when they traveled into storms and many of the boats sank. **


 * From 1560 to 1650 Europe witnessed severe economic and social crises. One major problem was inflation, or rising prices. The great influx of gold and silver from the Americas was one factore for the rising prices. Religious disputes continued after the <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Peace of Augsburg in 1555. Religion played a important role in the outbreak of the <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Thirty Years War . This war was always called the “Last of the religious wars.” The war began in 1618 in the Holy Roman Empire. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The Peace of Westphalia officially ended the war in 1648. **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Militant - This means combative. By 1650, Calvinism and Catholicism had become highly militant religions.** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**2)<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Armada -This is a fleet of war ships. In 1588, Philip ordered an armada to invade England.** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**3)<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Inflation -This means rising prices. Inflation was one or Europe's major economic problems. The great influx of gold and silver was once factor.** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**4)<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Witchcraft -This means magic. This was a belief that had been part of traditional village cultures for centuries.** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**5)<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Divine Rights of Kings -James believed in that the kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God.** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**6)<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Commonwealth -A republic. Parliament abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords and declared England a republic.** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**7)<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Absolutism -A system in which a ruler holds total power. In 17th century Europe, absolutism was tied to the idea of the divine rights of kings.** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**8)<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Manerism -The artistic Renaissance came to an end when this movement came along. It emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**9) __Boyars__ -Ivan expanded the territories of Russia eastward and crushed the power of the Russian nobility, known as boyars.** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**10)__<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Baroque __-Mannerism was eventually replaced by a new movement, the baroque.**
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Ten Key Terms__ **

media type="custom" key="12222802" width="72" height="72"

media type="custom" key="12304308"

media type="custom" key="12223170"

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">10) __ Queen Isabella __: Her marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon united Spain in 1469. She also financed Christopher Columbus's journey ** <span style="color: #180c0c; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">in **<span style="color: #180c0c; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">1492. **
 * <span style="color: #ed2c2c; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">__Ten Key People__ **
 * <span style="color: #180c0c; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">1) __Charles I__ : During the English Civil War he was deposed and executed. He arrested Parliamentary leaders who opposed him. **
 * <span style="color: #180c0c; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">2) __ Charles II __: "Merry Monarch" Lived from 1660-1685. King of England during the Restoration. Son of Charles I who was exiled in France. **
 * <span style="color: #180c0c; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">3) __Charles V__ : Lived from 1516-1556. King of Spain and Holy Roman Empire that tried to stop the spread of Protestantism in the German states. Holy Roman Emperor during the Reformation. **
 * <span style="color: #180c0c; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">4) __ Elizabeth I __: Queen of England from 1558-1603. Unmarried English ruler who led England to national glory. "I will have but one mistress England, and no master." **
 * <span style="color: #180c0c; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">5) __ James I __: Stuart king of England best known for sponsering the development of a new version of the Bible. Son of Mary Stuart. **
 * <span style="color: #180c0c; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">6) __ Henry IV __: Lived from 1589-1610. He was first of the Bourbon Kings ruling family in France. He also gave religious protection to the Huguenots. **
 * <span style="color: #180c0c; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">7) __ Oliver Cromwell __: He used his army to control the government and constituted the military dictatorship as Lord Protector of England. **
 * <span style="color: #180c0c; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">8) __ James II __: Ruled from 1685-1688. He was the brother of Charles II and very disliked by Parliment. Forced to give up throne and flee to France during Glorious Revolution. **
 * <span style="color: #180c0c; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">9) __ Mary Stuart __: Mary tried to take the throne away from her cousin Queen Elizabeth. Because of this Queen Elizabeth was forced to execute her. **

media type="youtube" key="3hEh2NH6teY" height="315" width="420"


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Links__ **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Ferdinand of Aragon]-A short biography on Ferdinand of Aragon. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Rodrigo Diaz]-A biography on Rodrigo Diaz "El Cid" **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Witchcraft]-A Wikipedia on witchcraft and its different categories **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Boyar]-A page from britannica about the Russian Royalties. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Thirty Year War]-Page on Thirty year war. Goes in depth on people and events. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Divine Right of Kings]-Expansion on the Divine Right of Kings, the people involved, and places. **
 * [|Edict of Nantes]-Reasoning, explanation, and events that lead up to the Edict of Nantes**
 * [|Wars of Religion]-Information on the French's wars of Religion.**
 * [|The Peace of Westphalia]-Explanation on the Peace of Westphalia, part of the Thirty year war.**
 * [|Huguenot]-Background and history to the Huguenots.**