Renaissance+and+Reformation



1350 AD~1600 AD Ayushi and Elsa



**The Renaissance era had mostly started in Italy, spreading rapidly throughout Europe. Renaissance Italy was largely an urban society . It was definitely an improvement from the plague, political instability, and the decline from the Church power. During the Middle Ages, Italy didn't develop a centralized monarchical state. Because of this, city-states in northern and central Italy were independent. Milan, Venice, and Florence ****were the three main city-states that played a crucial role in this era. Francesco Sforza became ruler of Milan and was the leader of mercenaries . Cosimo de’Medici took control of Florence. He and his grandson Lorenzo de’Medici dominated the city at a time when Florence was the cultural center of Italy. Most of the economy was based on manufacturing of cloth and the demand for it weakened, making an economic drop. **
 * Humanism ****was a key intellectual movement of the Renaissance, focusing on the study of the ancient Greek and Roman classics. However, European writers such as Dante <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">and <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Chaucer <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">wrote in their own <span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia,serif;">vernacular <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">. Renaissance artists sought to imitate nature, but also to make human beings the focus of their works. Painting, sculpture, <span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia,serif;">frescoes <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">, and architecture were among the revolutionary achievements of Renaissance art. Some Renaissance artists, including <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Michelangelo <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">and <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Leonardo da Vinci <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">, produced masterpieces in all three disciplines. Artistic developments in Italy were a major influence on art in northern Europe. ** **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Artistic views also developed some ‘rebels’. ****<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Christian humanists such as <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Erasmus <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">were critical of Church corruption and said the Church had become involved in politics rather than matters of the spirit. The widespread selling of indulgences prompted a monk and professor named <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Martin Luther <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">to issue his famous <span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Ninety-Five Theses <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> criticizing Church abuses. Luther's movement sparked a religious revolution. **


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A division appeared in Protestantism. <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Ulrich Zwingli <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">was a priest in Zürich. In England, the Reformation was based on the political need of Henry ****<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">VIII to remarry and have a prince to keep in charge. Although <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Queen Mary <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">later tried to reverse the break with the Catholic Church, by the end of her reign Protestantism was firmly fixed. <span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Anabaptists <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">believed in the complete separation of church and state and were regarded as a danger to society. Although a new view of the family emerged, women were still considered subservient to their husbands. In the meantime, the <span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Catholic Reformation <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> revitalized the Catholic Church through the Jesuits, the reform of the papacy, and the <span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Council of Trent <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">. **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">** "Although nature commences with reason and ends in experience it is necessary for us to do the opposite, that is to commence with experience and from this to proceed to investigate the reason." ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> **~ Leonardo da Vinci ** __**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">FIVE PEOPLE: **__
 * 1) **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Leonardo da Vinci- A painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician. **
 * 2) **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Francesco Sforza- Took over when the last Visconti ruler of Milan died. He conqured the city and became its new Duke. **
 * 3) **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Cosimo de' Medici- Took control of Florence, Italy in 1434. Controlled government from behind the scenes. **
 * 4) **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Lorenzo de'Medici-Cosimo's grandson. Together they dominated the city of Florence when it was a cultural center of Italy. **
 * 5) **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Niccolo Machiavelli-Wrote the book 'The Prince,' which is one of the most influential works on political power in the western world. **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> __**FIVE TERMS**__ : <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1. **Mercenaries-Soldiers who sold their services to the highest bidder.** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">2. **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Dowry-A sum of money given by the wifes family to the husbands family upon marriage. ** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">3. **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Humanism-Based on the study of the classics, the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome. ** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">4. **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Fresco-A painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints. ** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">5. **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Christian Humanism- Northern Renaissance humanism. **

<span style="color: #b01ca3; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">__**FIVE LINKS:**__
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**[|Medieval History] This website talks about Midievel history.**
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**[|Introduction to the Renaissance] This website is a brief introduction to the Renaissance.**
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**[|The Italian Renaissance] This website talks about the Italian Renaissance.**
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**[|Renaissance Humanism] This link talks about Renaissance Humanism.**
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**[|Italian States in the Seventh Century] This link informs the reader about Italian States.**

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1350-The Italian Renaissance begins** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1434-The de'Medici family takes control of Florence** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1440-Gutenberg develops moveable type printing press** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1450-Christian humanism spreads in northern Europe** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1455-Gutenberg prints Bible using movable type** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1508-Michelangelo begins painting the Sistine Chapel** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1517-Martin Luther initiates the Protestant Reformation** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1519-Charles I of Spain is elected Holy Roman Emperor** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1534-Henry VIII creates the Church of England** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1545-The Council of Trent is formed** media type="custom" key="12049885" media type="youtube" key="UsKSB-aT3ys" height="315" width="560"