Industrial+Revolution,+Intellectual+Development



**1800-1914** **Katie, Dylan and Elsa **

**"Anything that won't sell, I don't want to invent. Its sale is proof of utility, and utility is success." -Thomas Edison **

**The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1780s and took several decades to spread to other Western nations. One reason why Great Britain was the starting place for the Industrial Revolution was because of changing agricultural practices. The expansion in farmland, good weather, improved transportation, and new crops led to a dramatic increase in the food supply. More people could be fed at lower prices and with less labor. Another reason it started in Great Britain was because of rising population numbers. This created a large labor force that was able to work in the new factories. Also, Britain had a ready supply of money, also known as capital, to invest in the new industrial machines and factories. Many British people were very wealthy and were called entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits.**

**In the eighteenth century, tasks done an individual in their own household became known as the cottage industry. To help make the weaving process better, the spinning jenny was invented. In 1764, James Hargreaves had invented this spinning machine. This invention helped make the spinning process much faster and easier. The water-powered loom was invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1787. This made it possible for the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of the thread. The factories had to be near rivers or streams because that is what powered the machines. The cotton industry became even better when Scottish engineer James Watt improved the steam engine in the 1760s. Britain's natural resources included coal and iron. Railroads also became a big part of the eighteenth century. With railroads came more efficient means of moving resources and goods.**

**Also within this time came a new age of science. By the 1830s, new discoveries in science had led to many practical benefits that affected all Europeans. Frenchman, Louis Pasteur, proposed the germ theory of disease. This was crucial to the development of modern scientific medical practices. In chemistry, Dmitri Mendeleev classified all the material elements then known on the basis of their atomic weights. Michael Faraday of Britain laid the foundation for the use of electric current. In 1859, Charles Darwin published a book called 'On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.' Darwin believed that each kind of plant and animal had evolved over a long period of time from earlier simpler forms of life, and this became known as organic evolution. Darwin also developed a process called Natural Selection. Natural Selection said that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others. Darwin's ideas raised many controversies.**






 * __Ten Key Terms__ **
 * 1) __Capital__ - A ready supply of money that Britain used to invest in the new industrial machines and factories. **
 * 2) __Entrepreneurs__ - Wealthy British people who were interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profit. **
 * 3) __Psychoanalysis__ - Sigmund Freud developed this by which therapists and patients could probe deeply into the patient’s memory. **
 * 4) __Suffragists__ - People who advocate the extension of political rights, such as voting rights. They had one aim: the rights of women. **
 * 5) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Revisionists__ -Other Marxists who rejected the revolutionary approach and argued that workers must continue to organize in mass political parties and work with other parties. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">6) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Feminism__ - The movement for women rights that had its beginnings during the Enlightenment, when women advocated for equality. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">7) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Dictatorship__ - Government in which a person or group has absolute power. The proletarials used a dictatorship. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">8) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Organic Evolution__ - Each kind of plant and animal had evolved over a long period of time from earlier and simpler forms of life. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">9)<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;"> __Natural Selection__ - Charles Darwin believed that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">10) __Socialism__ - A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls some means of production. **





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 * <span style="color: #f62c2c; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">__Ten Key People__ **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> __1) James Watt-__ Scottish engineer that improved the steam engine in the 1760’s. He made changes that enabled the engine to drive machinery. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> __2) Robert Fulton-__ Built the first paddle-wheel steamboat. It was named the Clermont in 1807. By 1860 there were a thousand steamboats that plied theMississippi River and made transportation easier on theGreat Lakes and along the Atlantic coast **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> __3) Ludwig van Beethoven-__ One of the greatest composers of all time. He was the bridge between the classical and romantic periods in music. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> __4) Louis Pasteur-__ Frenchman that proposed the germ theory of disease. This was crucial to the development of many modern scientific medical practices **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> __5) Charles Darwin-__ Published //On the Origin or Species by Means of Natural Selection.// The basic idea of this book was that each kind of plant and animal had evolved over a long period of time from simpler forms of life. He called this principle Organic Evolution. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> __6) Charles Dickens-__ He was a British novelist that became very successful with his realistic novels focusing on the lower and middle classes in Britain’s early Industrial Age. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> __7) Dmitry Mendeleyev-__ This Russian chemist classified all the material elements then known on the basis of their atomic weights in the 1860’s **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> __8) Michael Faraday-__ In Great Britain he put together a primitive generator that laid the foundation for the use of an electric current. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> __9) James Hargreaves-__ In 1764 he invented a spinning machine called the spinning jenny, this met his need to weave more thread at a faster rate. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> __10) Edmund Cartwright-__ In 1787 he invented the water-powered loom. This made it possible for the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of thread. **

__**<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Links **__ <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1.[|Charles Dickens]-This site has an entire biography on Charles Dickens and his works.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**2.[|Natural Selection]-This web page that describes what natural selection is in detail** **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">3.[|Evolution]-This page that explains evolution and Darwin's founding of it. ** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**4.[|Germ Theory]-This site consists of a time line and outline that describes the germ theory in detail.** **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">5.[|Albert Einstein]- This site explains all of Albert's inventions as well as his theory of relativity. ** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**6.[|Henry Ford]-This site contains A biography talking about Henry ford, his invention of the assembly line, and the Model T** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**7.[|Revolution]-This site summarizes the era and talks about the affects and consequences.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**8.[|Steam Engine]-This webpage talks about the steam engine and what it has done to contribute to the revolution** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**9.[|James Watt]-This webpage discusses the life of James Watt.** <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**10.[|Beethoven]-This page talks about Beethoven's life and music.**



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