French+Revolution+and+Napoleon

**1789-1799 ** **Dylan, Elsa and Katie **

**"A soldier will fight long and hard for a bit of colored ribbon"-Napoleon Bonaparte **

**The year of 1789 was a year of ****and the beginning of the French Revolution. The French Revolution included both long-range problems and immediate forces. Frances population of 27 million was divided, as it had been since the Middle Ages, into three orders or otherwise known as estates. The first two estates did not have to pay the taille, or Frances cheif tax. The relics of feudalism, or aristocratic privileges, were obliged that survivedfrom an earlier age. They included the payment of fees for the use of village facilities. France also fell into a financial crisis. From 1787-1788 a slowdown in manufacturing led to food shorages, rising prices for food, and unemployment. The number of poor reached crisis proportions on the even of the revolution. The government of Louis XVI was forced to all a meeting of the Estates-General to raise new taxes. On July 14th, a mob of Parisians stormed the Bastille, an armory and prison in Paris, and dismantled it. All of this lead to church reforms, new constitutions, and even new looks by the sans-culottes. **   **Georges Danton, leader of the newly appointed minister of justice, the sans-culottes sought revenge on those who had aided the king and resisted the popular will. New leaders also emerged during this time, including Jean-Paul Marat, who published a journal called Friend of the People. Soon, members of the National Convention could not agree so they split into<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;"> factions, or dissenting groups. The two most important factions were the <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Girondins and the<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;"> Mountain. Both factions were members of the<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;"> Jacobin club, a large network of political groups throughout France. The National Convention and the Committee of Public Saftey set in motion an effort that came to be known as the <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Reign of Terror. During this time, around 40,000 people were killed, including <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Marie Antoinette. In 1794 the French had defeated their foreign foes. There was less need for the Reign of Terror, but yet it continued. **   **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Napoleon Bonaparte ruled French and European history from 1799 to 1815. Napoleons most famous quote is "I am the revolution." Bonaparte was born in 1769 in <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Corsica. Bonaparte quickly rose in rank through the army. In paris, Bonaparte took part in the <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">coup d' etat of 1799. With this, a new government called the <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">consulate was proclaimed. In 1802, Bonaparte was made consul for life. One of the first things Bonaparte wanted to do was establish peace with the oldest enemy of the revolution, the Catholic Church. His most famous domestic achievement was his codification of the laws. Bonapartes <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Grand Empire soon collapsed. One of the major factors that lead to Bonapartes downfall was Nationalism. Bonapartes last battle was at Waterloo. **

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**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Ten Key Terms__ **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__1) Estates__ -France’s population of 27 million was divided since the Middle Ages into three orders, or estates. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> __2)Bourgeoisie__ -This was another name for the middle class during this time. The Bourgeoisie was part of the Third Estate. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__3)Relics of Feudalism__ -This is also known as the aristocratic privileges and were obligations that survived from an earlier age. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__4)Sans-Culottes__ -Members of the Assembly to the Paris Commune called themselves this which were ordinary patriots without fine clothes. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> __5)Factions__ -The Republic soon split into factions, or dissenting groups, over the fate of the king. The two most important factions were the Girondins and the Mountain. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__6)Consulate__ -In 1779, a new government called the consulate was proclaimed. Although it was a republic, Napoleon held absolute power. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">__<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">7)Nationalism -__ This is a unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> __8)Electors__ - The 750 members of the two legislative bodies were chosen by electors, or individuals that were qualified to vote in an election. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__9)The Directory__ -An executive committee that was elected by the council of elders **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__10)Coup d’ etat__ - A sudden overthrow of the government led by Napoleon Bonaparte **

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__**Ten Key People**__ <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1)__King Louis XVI-__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;"> 1774-1792. The French Revolution took occurred during his reign. ** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**2)__Queen Marie Antoinette-__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">'Madame Deficit.' Married to King Louis XVI ** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**3)__George Danton-__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Minister of justice. Led the sans-culottes to seek revenge on those who had aided the king and resisted the popular will. ** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**4)__Jean-Paul Marat-__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">A popular revolutionary leader in Paris at the beginning of the radical stage of the French Revolution. ** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**5)__Maximilien Robespierre__-<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">One of the most important revolutionary leaders. Received a law degree and later became a member of the National Convention. He later was executed. ** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**6)__Napoleon Bonaparte__-<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Dominated the French and European history from 1799 to 1815. He brought the French Revolution to an end in 1799. ** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**7)__Anne-Louise-Germaine de Stael-__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Prominent writer of the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras in France. Established a salon for the powerful that lasted from 1790-1804. ** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**8)__Duke of Wellington -__** ** Led a British and Prussia combined army. They caused a bloody defeat against Napoleon at Waterloo in Belgium on June 18, 1815. ** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**9)** __**Jacobins-**__** Large networks of political groups throughout France. This was split into two fractions, teh Girondins and the Mountain. ** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**10)__Olympe de Gouges-__ A women who wrote plays and pamphlets, refused to accept this exclution of woment from poitical rights **

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__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Links** __ __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**1.** __http://history-world.org/french_revolution.htm This website gives an overview of the French Revolution. __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**2.** __http://www.marie-antoinette.org/ This website talks about Marie Antoinette and her life. It includes many facts and pictures about Marie. __<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**3.** __http://bastille-day.com/biography/LouisXVI-Biography This website talks about Louis XVI and Bastille Day. __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">4.[|Marat] **__**-The website talks about how Jean-Paul-Marat** __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">5. [|The Era]**__**-This website summarize the revolution/Napoleonic era, including people and events with in it.** __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">6.[|Guillotine] **__**-This website contains a description and History of the Guillotine.** __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">7.[|Coalition] **__**-This website describes the first Coalition and its war.** __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">8.[|Committee of Public Safety] **__**-This websites explains the Committee of Public Safety.** __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">9.[|Reign of Terror] **__**-This websites explains the Reign of Terror** __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">10.[|Jacobins] **__**-This website explains the Jacobin club, their foundation, the transfer to paris, their fall, and more.**

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