Age+of+Imperialism

**1800-1914 ** **Dylan, Elsa, and Katie ** ** "We are not interested in the possibilities of defeat. They do not exist." -Queen Victoria ** **In the nineteenth century a new phase of Western expansion into Asia and Africa began. Asian and African societies were viewed by European nations as a source of industrial raw materials and a market for Western manufactured goods. Products of European factories were sent to Africa and Asia in return for items such as oil, tin, rubber, and other resources that were needed to fuel the European industries. Imperialism, or the extension of a nations power over other lands, was not new. Imperialism in the late nineteenth century later became called “new imperialism.” Imperialism was tied to Social Darwinism and racism. Social Darwinists believed that in the struggle between nations that only the fit are victorious. Racism is the belief that the race determines traits and capabilities. Some Europeans took a more religious and humanitarian approach to imperialism. They argued that Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize primitive people. They also believed that the nations of the West should help Asia and Africa. Some people thought of it as bringing the Christian message, but others thought of it as bringing Western democracy and capitalism.** **Around 1800 after a long period of peace the Qing Dynasty of the Manchus was at the height of its power. However, a century later the Qing Dynasty collapsed. In 1800, the Europeans had been in contact with China for more than two hundred years. The outlet at Guangzhou, or Canton, is what European merchants were restricted to for trading. When the British and Chinese could not negotiate to improved the trade imbalance, the British turned to trading opium. The Chinese reacted strongly. The British refused to stop their activity, but as a result the Chinese government blockaded the foreign area in Guangzhou in order to force traders to surrender. Soon, the British fleet sailed up the Chang Jiang river, the Qing dynasty made peace. In this Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, the Chinese agreed to open five coastal ports to British trade, limit taxes on imported British goods, and pay for the costs of war. The British also received the island of Hong Kong. The Opium War marked the beginning of the establishment of Western influence in China. **
 * The Qing Dynasty in Chinga tried to reform its self after the Boxer Rebellion . The Boxer Rebellion was when people were upset by the foreign takeover of the Chinese lands. The Boxers especially did not like the Christian missionaries. The Boxers slogan was "destroy the foreigner." After this rebellion, Empress Dowager Ci Xi embraced reforms in education, administration, and in the legal system. A new educational system based on the Western Model replaced the civil service examination system. In 1909, legislative assemblies were formed at the provincial, or local, level. The military also took over after the fall of the Qing Dynasty. Sun Yat-sen and his colleagues had accepted General Yuan Shigai as president of the new Chinese repubilc. Sun Yat-sen had three stages for the reform process. The three stages were military takeover, transitional pase in which Suns revolutionary party would prepare the people for democratic rule, and the last stage was a constitutional democracy. Many people feared Suns control would turn into chaos, yet the new generals allies distrusted his motives. Overall, Sun was strong enough to get away from the challenge from revolutionary forces, but he later died in 1916 and was succeeded by one of his officers. **



__**Ten Key People**__ 1: **__David Livingstone-__** He was the greatest African Explorer in 1814-1873. This was because he was the first non-African to cross Africa. He discovered Victoria Falls in 1855. 2: __**Sir Henry Stanley-**__ He was hired to find David Livingstone. He went on a eight month search and found him. When Livingstone died Stanley took over the African exploration. He and Livingstone opened the door for European Colonization of Africa. 3: **__Muhammed Ali-__** He was an officer of the Ottoman Army that seized power and established a separate Egyptian state. During the thirty years after that Ali introduced a series of reforms to bring Egypt into the modern world. 4: **__King Leopold II-__** He was from Belgium. He hired Henry Stanley to explore the Congo River in Central Africa. Leopold was the real driving force behind the colonization of Central Africa. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">5: **__Shaka Zulu-__** Known as the "Napoleon of Africa", he was the Great Zulu King. His Army of 80,000 soldiers defeated the British in the Battle of Isandhlwana. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">6: **__Cecil Rhodes-__** He was the British Prime Minister of Cape Colony. Planned to the "Cape de Cairo" railroad across Africa. Founded the Rhodesia colony in 1890. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">7: __**Queen Victoria-**__ Was bestowed the title of Epress of India in 1876. This made the people of India her new colonial subjects and India then became her "Jewel in the Crown." <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">8: __**Mohandas Gandhi-**__ Born in 1869. He studied in London and became a lawyer. Became active in the independence movement. He set up a movement based on nonviolent resistance. This movement ultimently led to Indian independence. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">9: __**Antonio Lopez-**__ de Santa Anna- Ruled Mexico from 1833-1855. He misused state funds, halted reforms and created chaos. In 1835, American settlers in the Mexican state of Texas revolted agains his rule. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">10: __**Hong Xiuquan-**__ He was a christian convert who viewed himself as a younger brother of Jesus Christ. Hong was convinced that God had given him the mission of destroying the Qing Dynasty. media type="youtube" key="f9ivr8CfEoE" height="315" width="420"

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media type="custom" key="13276868" align="right" <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__** Ten Key Terms **__ **<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;">__ 1) Protectorate __- A political unit that depends on another government for its protection. The Vietnamese Empire became a French protectorate. ** **<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;"> __2) Annexed__ - The incorporation of a country within a state. Great Britain annexed the West Coastal States. ** **<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__3) Extraterritoriality__- This is when Europeans lived in their own sections and were subject not to Chinese laws, but their own laws. This practice was known as Extraterritoriality. ** **<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__4) Self-Strengthening__- This meant that China should adopt western technology while keepings its Confucius values and institutions. ** **<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__5) Formosa__- The island that Japan received as an award for defeating the Chinese. This island was known as Formosa by the Europeans, but is also called Taiwan. ** **<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__6) Boxer__- The popular name given to members of a secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists. ** **<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__7) Indemnity__- A payment for damages. The Chinese government was forced to pay very heavy indemnities. ** **<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__8) Meiji__- This government gave subsidies to needy industries, provided training and foreign advisors, and improved transportation and started a new educational system. ** **<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__9) Viceroy__- Governor who rules as a representative of a monarch. The British government ruled India through this. ** media type="custom" key="13067446"

** Links: **  **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Meiji]- A page on the Japanese era that extended from September 1868 to July 1912. During this period, Japan moved from an isolated fuedalist society to modern. **  **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Sun Yat-sen]-A page describing much of Sun Yat-sen's life. The page talks about his farm life, lagacy, and revolutionary work he was apart of. **  **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Formosa]-The Reed Institute's web page on Formosa. The site includes images, timelines, maps, and linguistic data. **  **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Empress Dowager Cixi]-A page containing a biography on Empress Dowager Cixi. The page describes how she cleaned up the bureaucracy, her regency, and her death. **  **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Queen Victoria]-The page talks about the english monarch, Queen Victoria. The page contains more information on her legacy, ancestroy, and becoming the Empress of India **  **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Cecil Rhodes]-This page contains a biography on Cecil Rhodes. The page talks about Rhodes childhood, his finding of diamonds, and his influence during the Boer Wars **  **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Boers]-This page contains information on the Boers. The page describes many events involving the Boers including their origin, culture, and uses in politics. **  **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Gandhi]-This page goes in depth on Mohandas Gandhi. It contains information on his civil rights movements in South Africa, fight for India's independence, and his assassination. **  **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Victoria Falls]-This page offers further information on Victoria Falls. IT talks about many things including how David Livingstone was the first European to come across it. **  **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[|Shaka]-This is a detailed page that talks about Shaka Zulu. The page contains information about his early life, legacy, and popular culture. **