World+War+I

**1914-1919 **  **Dylan, Elsa and Katie ** **"Till the world comes to an end the ultimate decision will rest with the sword." -Emperor William II of Germany **  
 *  During the nineteenth century, Europes great powers had divided into two loose allinaces. The Triple Alliance consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The Triple Alliance was formed in 1882. The Triple Entente was made up of France, Great Britian, and Russia. The Triple Alliance was created in 1907. After 1900, mass armies raised the existing tension that there already was in Europe. A military draft, or Conscription, had been estabilished as a regular practice in most Western countries before 1914. Militarism, or an aggressive preparation for war, was a growing trend as well. As the armies got larger, the need for military leaders grew larger as well. Some say that the outbreak of war in the summer of 1914 was because of the assasination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the thron of Austria-Hungary, and his wife Sophia. The Archduke was assasinated on June 28, 1914. Later, 19 year old Bosnian Serb, Gavrilo Princip, was succeeded in shooting the archduke and his wife. **
 *  In the years of 1914-1915, government propaganda, ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause, had worked in developing national hatres before the war. In August of 1914, many thought the war would be over quickly, but it wasnt. The Germans hoped for quick end, so they depended on military gamble. The German advance was halted a short distance from Paris at the First Battle of the Marne in September. Soon the German and French dug trenches to be protected. These trenches were ditches protected by barbed wire. The Western Front was stuck in trench warfare that kept both sides in virtually the same position for four years. The unexpected development of trench warfare suprsided the generals. In 1916-1917, millions of men died in search for a breakthrough. World War 1 had turned into a War of Attrition, or a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses. **
 *  The last years of the war had not been good for the Allies. The cause of the Central Powers looked favorable, although war weariness was beginning to take its toll. The final peace settlement of Paris consisted of five seperate treaties with the defeated nations. The defeated nations consisted of German, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. The Treaty of Versailles with Germany, signed at Versailles on June 28th, 1919, was the most important. It was considered a harsh peace by the Germans. German land laong both sides of the Rhine River was made a demilitarized zone and stripped of all weapons and fortifications. The germans were outraged by the 'dictated peace,' but unwilling to risk a renewal of the war, they accepted the treaty. **

__**Ten Key Terms **__ __**1) Conscription **__**- ** **This is a military draft. This was also established as a regular practice in most ** **western countries before 1914. **  __**2) Mobilization **__**- ** **This is the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for ** **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">war. **  __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">3) Propaganda **__**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- ** **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">This is ideas that are spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause. It ** **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">worked in stirring up national hatreds before the war. **   __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">4) Trench Warfare **__**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- ** **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">This is warfare that took place in trenches, or ditches that were dug by soldiers. ** **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Many dug them for shelter. **  __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">5) War of Attrition **__**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- This is a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and  ** **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">heavy losses. **   __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">6) Armistice **__**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- This is a truce or an agreement to stop fighting. On November 11, 1918 the new German ** **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">governemt signed a armistice. **  __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">7) Reparations **__**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- These are vast payments. The germans had to pay them to cover the costs of the  ** **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">war. **   __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">8) Mandates- **__ **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Acquisitions. According to the mandate system, a nation officially governed another ** **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">nation as a mandate on behalf of the Leauge of Nations but did not own the territory. **  __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">9) Triple Alliance- **__ **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">This consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy and was created in 1882. **   __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">10) Triple Entente **__ **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- ** **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> This consisted of France, Great Britian, and Russia and was created in 1907. **

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__**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Ten Key People **__
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> __1) Archduke Francis Ferdinad:__ Visited the Bosnaian city of Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 with his wife Sophia. They got a bomb thrown at their car in an attempted murder from Black Hands. Later that day Gavrilo Princip a 19- year old Bosnain Serb succeeded in shooting both the archduke and his wife. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">__<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">2) Gavrilo Princip: __ A 19 year old Bosnaian Serb shot both the archduke and his wife Sophia after the Black Hands bomb failed to kill them. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> __3) Emperor William II:__ He was from Germany. He resonded with a "blank check" saying that Austria-Hungary could rely on Germany's 'full support," even if matters went to the length of a war between Austria- Hungary and Russia. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> __4) Czar Nicholas II:__ Ordered a partial mobilization of the Russian army against Austria-Hungary in support of Serbia's cause on July 28. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">5) Admiral Holtzendorff: Assured the emperor that even if the Americans did intervene he gave his Majesty his word as an officer that not one American would land on the continent. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">__<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">6) Woodrow Wilson: __ United States president who said the men and women "wo remain to till the soil and man the factories are no less a part of the amry than the men beneath the battle flags." **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> __7) Erich von Ludendorff:__ Guided the German military operation decided to make on final military gamlbe. A grand offensive in the west to breat the military stalemate. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">__<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">8) Friedrich Ebert: __ announced the creation of a democratic republic and the departure of William II. Two days later on November 11, 1918 the new German government signed an armistice. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">__<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">9) David Lloyd George: __ Prime minister of Great Britian who won a decisive victory in elextion in Dexember of 1918. His platform was simple: to make the Germans pay for this dreadful war **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__10) Georges Clemenceau:__ Thought the premier of France, the French people had suffered the most from German aggression. Wanted Germany stripped of all weapons. **

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